Rooftop gardening (RTG) is emerging as a viable urban strategy in Dhaka City to address pressing environmental and nutritional challenges associated with rapid urbanization. This study explores the dual benefits of RTG – environmental enhancement and improved household nutrition – within the framework of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being), SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), SDG 12 ( Responsible Consumption and Production), and SDG 13 (Climate Action). This research was conducted in the Dhanmondi and Mohammadpur areas of Dhaka, employing a mixed-methods approach involving 100 randomly selected rooftop gardeners from a target population of 250. Data collection occurred between March and May 2024 through structured interviews, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. Quantitative analysis revealed that 49% of respondents perceived moderate environmental benefits, while 25% reported high benefits. Key ecological outcomes included increased rooftop vegetation (mean perception index = 245), reduction in indoor temperatures, and improved biodiversity. On the nutritional front, 65% of respondents reported significant benefits, with 63% acknowledging healthier dietary habits and 75% meeting a substantial portion of their vegetable needs through rooftop cultivation. Statistical analysis indicated strong positive correlations between both environmental and nutritional benefits with respondents’ education level (r = 0.628 and r = 0.544, respectively) and gardening experience (r = 0.946 and r = 0.532, respectively) at the 1% significance level. However, challenges such as limited technical knowledge (PI = 231), seasonal water scarcity, high input costs, and pest management difficulties were cited by over half of the participants. The study concludes that rooftop gardening holds significant promise for promoting sustainable urban development, food security, and ecological well-being, and recommends policy integration, technical training, and resource support to maximize its impact across Dhaka and similar urban contexts.