Nanofertilizers, a cutting-edge advancement in agricultural technology, have garnered considerable attention for their potential to revolutionize crop production and promote sustainable farming practices. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of nanofertilizers, focusing on their design, properties, applications, and environmental implications. By encapsulating nutrients within nano-sized carriers, nano fertilizers offer controlled release mechanisms that optimize nutrient delivery to plants while minimizing environmental impact. The unique properties of nanofertilizers, including their small size and high surface area-to-volume ratio, facilitate enhanced nutrient absorption and utilization by crops. Moreover, nano fertilizers can be tailored to respond to specific environmental cues, further enhancing their efficacy in diverse agroecosystems. However, the widespread adoption of nano fertilizers raises concerns regarding their potential risks and unintended consequences, necessitating careful evaluation of their environmental fate and toxicity. Through a balanced assessment of opportunities and challenges, this paper underscores the transformative potential of nanofertilizers in promoting sustainable crop growth and advancing global food security goals.